Neurodevelopmental Disorders
October 23, 2023
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain and nervous system, typically occurring during early childhood. These disorders manifest as impairments in various areas, including cognition, social interaction, communication, and behavior. Some common examples of neurodevelopmental disorders include:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A complex disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It is typically diagnosed in early childhood.
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. It is usually diagnosed during childhood but can continue into adulthood.
- Intellectual Disability (ID): Also known as intellectual developmental disorder, ID is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. It manifests before the age of 18 and is associated with deficits in cognitive skills and adaptive functioning.
- Specific Learning Disorder (SLD): Refers to difficulties in acquiring and using specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics. These difficulties are not solely due to intellectual disabilities or other factors and significantly impact academic performance.
- Communication Disorders: These disorders include conditions such as speech sound disorder, language disorder, and stuttering, which affect a person's ability to communicate effectively. They can involve difficulties in speech production, comprehension, and/or the use of language.
- Tourette Syndrome (TS): A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. These tics can range from mild to severe and can significantly impact a person's daily life.
- Rett Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that predominantly affects females. It causes severe cognitive and physical impairments, leading to problems with movement, coordination, and communication.